Kenya

This country page features an interactive, icon-based data dashboard providing a national-level overview of the status of children’s care and care reform efforts (a “Country Care Snapshot”), along with a list of resources and organizations in the country.

List of Organisations

demographic_data

Demographic Data

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47.50 million
Total Population
Census, 2019
21.85 million
People
Total Population Under 18
Estimate
46%
Population Under 18
 
Census, 2019
3.9
People
Mean Household Size
Census, 2019
36.1%
Prevalence of Female-Headed Households
 
2015 MIS
Lower Middle Income Country
World Bank GNI Status
World Bank, 2015
i
Progressed to lower middle income status in 2015. Kenya has made significant political, structural and economic reforms that have largely driven sustained economic growth, social development and political gains over the past decade. However, its key development challenges still include poverty, inequality, climate change, continued weak private sector investment and the vulnerability of the economy to internal and external shocks. While economic activity faltered following the 2008 global economic recession, growth resumed in the last five years reaching 5.7% in 2019 placing Kenya as one of the fastest growing economies in Sub-Saharan Africa. The recent economic expansion has been boosted by a stable macroeconomic environment, positive investor confidence and a resilient services sector. Known as the “Silicon Savannah,” Kenya has seen its Information and Communications Technology (ICT) sector grow an average of 10.8% annually since 2016, becoming a significant source of economic development and job creation with spill over effects in almost every sector of the economy. Between 2005 and 2015, foreign direct investment in Kenya increased by an average of 50%
41.5%
Living Below Poverty Line
 
NO SOURCE GIVEN
40.8
GINI Coefficient
World Bank, 2015
0.579
Human Development Index
UNDP, 2018
i
Kenya's HDI value for 2018 is 0.579— which put the country in the medium human development category— positioning it at 147 out of 189 countries and territories. The rank is shared with Nepal. Between 1990 and 2018, Kenya's HDI value increased from 0.467 to 0.579, an increase of 23.9 percent

childrens_living_arrangement

Children's Living Arrangements

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%
Country
 
NO SOURCE GIVEN
52.5%
Living with Both Parents
 
DHS 2022
i
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) - 2022
31%
Living with One Parent
 
DHS 2022
i
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) - 2022
14.1%
Living with Neither Parent
 
DHS 2022
i
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) - 2022
%
Effective
 
NO SOURCE GIVEN

children_living_without_bio

Children Living Without Biological Parents

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96%
Living in Kinship Care
 
Demographic and Health Survey 2014
3.9%
Living With a Non-Relative
 
BCN Analysis of 2014 DHS Data
66%
Both Parents Alive
 
BCN Analysis of 2014 DHS Data
18%
One Parent Dead
 
BCN Analysis of 2014 DHS Data
8%
Both Parents Dead
 
BCN Analysis of 2014 DHS Data

Children at Risk of Separation

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41.5%
Children living below poverty line
 
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (2016). Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey 2015/6.
i
Note data on children living in multidemensional poverty: 53%. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (2020). Comprehensive Poverty Report: Children, Youth, Women, Men and the Elderly. From National to County Level. Despite growing wealth in Kenya, children remain disproportionately represented among the poor and vulnerable, with 41.5% of children living below the national poverty line. The most recent survey data that were publicly available for Kenya’s MPI estimation refer to 2014. 38.7% of the population (19,223 thousand people) are multidimensionally poor while an additional 34.9% are classified as vulnerable to multidimensional poverty (17,335 thousand people). The breadth of deprivation (intensity) in Kenya, which is the average deprivation score experienced by people in multidimensional poverty, is 46.0%. The MPI, which is the share of the population that is multidimensionally poor, adjusted by the intensity of the deprivations, is 0.178.
Children with Disabilities
1.92 million
children
Global Disability Rights Now! estimate based on 2017 population and global data
i
* this is the percentage of children 0-14 years. The 2014 DHS states that 2.8% of the population is estimated to have a disability (not disaggregated by age and self-identified). Global disability data commonly assumes 10% of the population, using a wider definition. Therefore this number should be taken with a caveat. The data source (Global Disability Rights Now!) uses the global average of 10% to calculate percentage of children 0-14 with a disability. https://www.globaldisabilityrightsnow.org/infographics/disability-kenya
Children affected by HIV
110,000
children
UNAIDS, 2018
i
Estimated number of children 0-14 years living with HIV. A further 660,000 children have lost one or both parents to HIV. https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/kenya
Street Connected Children
50,000
children
UNICEF, 2017
i
The number of children living and/or working on the streets in Kenya is not known, but estimates are high, varying from 50,000 to 250,000. Urban areas with high numbers of children in street situations and homeless families include Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu, Eldoret, Lodwar and Nanyuk, and there has reportedly been a growth in recent years in children from informal settlements being drawn to the streets of Nairobi during the day. Children in street situations are the responsibility of the State Department on the Special Programme under the Ministry of Devolution and Planning, and the Street Family Rehabilitation Trust Fund (the Fund)
56.1%
Children experiencing violence
 
2019 Violence Against Children Survey
i
45.9% (female) / 56.1% (male)
Children in conflict with the law
777
children
UNICEF, 2017
i
The 2016 research found that in late 2015 and early 2016 there were 427 male under-18s held in remand in prisons, more than the 350 being held in remand homes at the same time. Of these, 18 per cent were charged with “preparation to commit a felony” and 15 per cent with “defilement”. The researchers were informed that these boys were held in the prison because they were a danger to other children in remand homes, even though this contravened national legislation
Refugee Children
213,000
children
UNHCR, 2019
i
This figure is the number of children who are formally registered as refugees, of whom over 20,000 are unaccompanied and separated
30%
Children Lacking Online Safety
 
TdH, 2018 & ECPAT, 2020
i
A large number of children – 55% - have accessed adult pornography online, the largest percentage of a five-country survey conducted by ECPAT International (2013). Understanding African children’s use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) – a youth-led survey to prevent sexual exploitation online; an estimated 30% of children at risk of online sexual exploitation, including sharing of personal information, sharing of their nude pictures, accepting friendship requests from strangers
Children in Informal Kinship Care
NO DATA AVAILABLE
Kenya 2014 DHS Children's Care and Living Arrangements
i
13% of children age 0-17 live with neither biological parent and 95% of these live in households headed by a relative (most commonly grandparents)

Formal Alternative Care Arrangements

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0 Families/Parents
0 Children
NO SOURCE GIVEN
0 Families/Parents
0 Children
NO SOURCE GIVEN
Total Family-Based Alternative Care
- - Families/Parents
- - Children
NO SOURCE GIVEN
Foster Care
- - Foster Families/Foster Parents
- - Children
i
There is no data available on the number of children in formal foster care, though DHS data from 2014 indicate that 16.9% of households are fostering a child. Only 3.9% of surveyed households report hosting a child 0-17 unrelated to the head of the household. Foster care rules and regulations exist, and foster care is described and provided for in the Guidelines for the Alternative Family Care of Children in Kenya. Informal arrangements and some NGO-led pilot programs exist in the absence of state-led foster care services. There is also common misinterpretation of foster care regulations that children may only be placed in foster care via initial placement in Charitable Children's Institutions.
Kenya 2014 DHS Children's Care and Living Arrangements
Formal Kinship Care
- - Families/Parents
- - Children
i
Most common form of alternative family care with strong traditional roots and still considered a modern social norm; 13% of children age 0-17 live with neither biological parent and 95% of these live in households headed by a relative (most commonly grandparents)
Kenya 2014 DHS Children's Care and Living Arrangements
Total Residential Care
910 Settings
26,198 Children
i
Rapid data collection process overseen by DCS, NCCS and Care Reform Core Team showed 45,480 children were in Child Care Institutions (CCIs) before COVID-19. Of that number, 19,282 were released from care as a result of the Government Directive and 26,198 remained in CCIs. Of the total number of CCIs, 581 were registered and 329 were unregistered. This data was presented by NCCS at the Alliance for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action, UNICEF and BCN webinar on COVID-19 and Alternative Care in 2020.
DCS, NCCS and Care Reform Core Team, 2020
Registered Child Care Institutions (CCIs)
581 Settings
- - Children
DCS, NCCS and Care Reform Core Team, 2020
Unregistered Child Care Institutions (CCIs)
329 Settings
- - Children
DCS, NCCS and Care Reform Core Team, 2020
Lancet Global Study Estimate of Children Living in Institutional Care
85,733 Children
i
Lower Bound: 85241.22 Upper Bound: 86225.57
Desmond, et al, 2020

adoption

NO DATA AVAIABLE
Country
NO SOURCE GIVEN
781
children
Domestic Adoption
Data Source: Roby & Rotabi 2016; Date Range: 2003-2008
i
Although reliable adoption figures are unavailable, between 60% and 80% of all children (between 781 and 895 children) recorded as adopted between 2003 and 2008 were adopted domestically. Many Adoption Societies exist within Kenya, often linked to Charitable Children's Institutions (as by law, children must pass through Charitable Children's Institutions before being declared free for adoption). Adoption Societies are mandated to declare children free for adoption and to match with prospective adoptive parents. Adoptions are then approved via Court. The Children's Bill looks to formalise a national independent Adoption Committee Kinship adoption refers to adoption by relatives; this is provided for in the Guidelines for the Alternative Family Care of Children in Kenya as a form of domestic adoption. Additionally, commonly referred to as 'traditional adoption', Abaguusi adoption occurs among the Kiisi ethnic group, whereby a family who wish to have a child / more children negotiate a 'dowry' with a family who has a child who is double orphaned, or who the family is unable to care for. The practice is typically more common for boys, where families are looking to extend their bloodline, and pass on land. Children often come from within the Kiisi ethnic group, or from neighbouring ethnic groups (Luo, Luyha). Given this form of adoption is typically practiced informally, the exact prevalence is unknown. Main barriers to adoption include fear of exposing infertility, worry about corrupt practices, and reluctance to grant full inheritance rights to a child unrelated by blood.
0
children
Inter-country Adoption
NO SOURCE GIVEN
i
An indefinite moratorium on intercountry adoption was issued by the Cabinet in 2014, amid reports of trafficking.
NO DATA AVAIABLE
Effective
NO SOURCE GIVEN

Parental Survivorship

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89%
Children with Both Parents Alive
 
DHS 2022
7.8%
Children with One Parent Alive
 
DHS 2022
0.8%
Children with Both Parents Dead
 
DHS 2022

Progress Indicators

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Country
 
NO SOURCE GIVEN
Effective
 
NO SOURCE GIVEN
NO DATA AVAILABLE
Social Welfare Spending
NO SOURCE GIVEN
i
Spending on cash transfers for fiscal year 2017/2018 was 9,930,946,973 KSh, 0.47% of the overall Government of Kenya (GoK) budget. Together, Child Protection and Cash Transfer spending equalled 11,949,031,766 KSh, 0.56% of the overall Government of Kenya (GoK) budget. 
KSh 2.02 billion
Child Protection Spending
CP budget for Fiscal year 2017/18 Source (DCS, State department of Social Protection).
i
Information provided by Shar Kurtishi, Consultant supporting UNICEF with costing of the child protection system. Child protection spending was 0.09% of the overall budget for the Government of Kenya in fiscal year 2017/2018. Together, Child Protection and Cash Transfer spending equalled 11,949,031,766 KSh, 0.56% of the overall Government of Kenya (GoK) budget. 
Alternative Care Policy in Line with the 2009 Guidelines
 
Yes
Guidelines for the Alternative Family-based Care of Children in Kenya, Government of Kenya and UNICEF (2014).
Centralised Authority on Adoption
 
Yes
National Adoption Committee
Commitment to Deinstitutionalistion
 
Yes
Care Reform Strategy (2020) [draft]
Comprehensive Child Protection Law
 
Mostly
Children's Act (2001); Charitable Children's Institutions Regulations; Foster Care Regulations; Adoption Regulations
Continuum of Alternative Care Services Available
 
Partly
NO SOURCE GIVEN
i
Kinship care (mainly informal), foster care (some informal, some formal, mostly pilot programs led by NGOs), guardianship, kafaalah, domestic adoption, residential options (both government and non-government)
Data System
 
Partly
CPIMS - indicators related to children's care being developed
Existence of a Regulatory Body and Regulatory System
 
Yes
NCCS
Gatekeeping Mechanism/Policy
 
Partly
Alternative Care Committee (sub-committee of Area Advisory Councils, authority delegated by NCCS); National Gatekeeping Guidelines (2020) [draft]
Means of Tracking Progress with Reforms
 
Mostly
CPIMS; National Care Assessment (2020)
Moratorium on Admission into Institutions for Children Under 3
 
No
NO SOURCE GIVEN
Moratorium on New Institutions
 
Yes
Ministry of East African Community, Labour and Social Protection. 1 November 2017. Suspension of Registration of New Charitable Children’s Institutions (CCIs). Letter from the Cabinet Secretary.
National Action Plan to Guide Reforms
 
Yes
Care Reform Strategy (2020) [draft]
National Standards of Care
 
Partly
National Standards for Best Practice in CCIs (2013); Through and Aftercare Procedures (2013)
Prevention of Separation Services Available
 
Limited
Range of NGO child protection services
i
Range of NGO child protection services includes: Social Protection (i.e. Cash Transfers to Vulnerable households); National Government Affirmative Action Fund for Vulnerable groups; Bursary Awards; Free medical care for under 5; Universal health coverage underway; Family strengthening through IGA’s; Scholarship Awards; Table banking activities; Parenting skills training
Support for Careleavers (in Legislation and in Practice)
 
Partly
Guidelines for the Alternative Family Care of Children in Kenya (2014)
i
Outlined in Guidelines for the Alternative Family Care of Children in Kenya (2014), National Standards for Best Practice in CCIs (2013) and Through and Aftercare Procedures (2013). In practice, qualitative data collected from care leavers in Situational Analysis reflected that support is not systematically provided, and differs greatly from institution to institution.

social_work_force

Social Service Workforce

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Workers
NO SOURCE GIVEN
Country
3.11
Workers
DCS (as part of the DCS, UNICEF and Maestral workforce strengthening effort)
No. of government social service workers with child protection responsibilities (per 100,000 children)
i
There are 681 Government Children's Officers for the total child population of 21,879,576.
Standardised 10-day child protection training roll-out
 
Yes
Workers
NO SOURCE GIVEN
Effective
A national workforce assessment and analysis carried out within the past four years
 
No Data
NO SOURCE GIVEN
A system of licensing/registration of social service professionals
 
No Data
NO SOURCE GIVEN

key_stakeholders

Key Stakeholders

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Country
Government
Civil Society Organisations
Effective

Other Relevant Reforms

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Effective
NO SOURCE GIVEN
Child Protection
i
- DCS workforce strengthening - CPIMS helping to address challenges associated with lack of data - National policy framework is relatively strong (including policies related to disability) - Prohibition of Female Genital Mutilation Act 2011 and the Anti-Female Genital Mutilation Board, a semi-autonomous government agency, established in 2013 (engages in awareness-raising work in areas with a high prevalence of FGM)
Situation Analysis of Children and Women in Kenya, 2017 (UNICEF, 2018)
Decentralisation
i
In 2010, Kenya adopted a devolved system of governance. Forty-seven County Governors now oversee many areas of provision, including several social sectors. Through its funding formula and governance structures, the devolved system is intended to ensure equitable distribution of national and local resources and promote the participation of citizens in decision making on issues that affect them at local level. With devolution, county governments have become highly strategic entities, controlling more than 4.5%t of GDP and responsible for planning and delivering all devolved functions, including health, water, sanitation, urban services, early childhood development, and other local infrastructure. In some cases counties have struggled with insufficient resources to meet competing sector demands; weak systems; and challenges attracting and retaining competent or trained staff for planning, budgeting and participatory processes. Ongoing support is required to improve service delivery at county level.
Situation Analysis of Children and Women in Kenya, 2017 (UNICEF, 2018)
Social Protection
i
OVC cash transfer, cash transfer for persons with disabilities, National Development Fund for Persons with Disabilities, Council for Persons with Disabilities. Advocacy currently focused on facilitating access to OVC CT for reunified families and care leavers.
National Social Protection Secretariat
Health
Situation Analysis of Children and Women in Kenya, 2017 (UNICEF, 2018)
i
Since devolution, public healthcare expenditure has risen substantially as a percentage both of GDP and of government expenditure. Local level spending has been constrained by delayed and lower-than-budgeted transfers from national to county level. Devolution of responsibilities to counties has meant that decisions can be made closer to the point of need, but significant challenges remain. Even before devolution, health systems were quite weak, particularly in northern areas. When counties took over provision of healthcare, they received insufficient guidance for their new role, including guidance on budget lines. Nevertheless, there have also been some successes in refocusing healthcare provision to the needs of local communities, and increasing the prioritization of preventive and promotive interventions rather than curative services. Counties are currently at different levels of institutionalization, planning, prioritization and implementation, and this largely depends on the capacity and commitment of health managers. Community health volunteers support maternal and newborn care, parent support groups, timed and targeted counselling, nutrition support, referral of children for immunization, and treatment of certain ailments by providing essential information and medical supplies, and acting as a referral mechanism. Kenya has managed to introduce new vaccines: the inactivated polio vaccine, rota, measles and rubella: 19 million children aged below 14 years were vaccinated against measles and rubella in 2016 and nine million children under five years were vaccinated against polio between 2013 and 2017. The number of healthcare facilities providing immunization increased from 5,300 to 6,900 between 2011 and 2016.
"The Big Four"
Vision 2030
i
As part of Vision 2030, the President outlined the “Big Four” development priority areas for his final term as President. The Big Four will prioritize manufacturing, universal healthcare, affordable housing and food security.
Education
Situation Analysis of Children and Women in Kenya, 2017 (UNICEF, 2018)
i
Kenya is piloting a prototype of an accessible digital textbook that follows Universal Design for learning. Primary and secondary schools remain the responsibility of the national Government, but pre-school has been transferred to county governments. Including spending at the county level, almost 40% of government expenditure was on social sectors in 2015-2016, of which education accounted for more than half. Between 2011 and 2015, the number of educational establishments at all levels rose, with the largest rises in public primary and secondary schools and in private secondary schools. Teacher distribution is very inequitable, with schools with 500 pupils having as few as five or as many as 40 teachers. Children with disabilities are still largely taught in separate schools or units, despite inclusive education being a principle of the 2014-2018 National Education Sector Plan. At more than 14 per cent of total government expenditure, public spending on education is slightly higher than for comparable East African counties. Almost all this spending (92 to 95%) is on recurrent expenditure, such as salaries.

drivers_of_institutionalisation

Drivers of Institutionaliziation

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Push Factors
Pull Factors
Effective

key_research_and_information

Key Data Sources

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Effective

Acknowledgements

Data for this country care snapshot was contributed by consultants with Maestral International.

Displaying 31 - 40 of 389

List of Organisations

Awareness Against Human Trafficking (HAART), Leeds Becket University,

This publication evaluates the progress of implementing the 2010 Counter Trafficking in Persons Act in Kenya from its inception until now (2010-2020).

Changing the Way We Care (CTWWC),

To ensure a significant improvement in service delivery to children and their families, and specifically to the successful reintegration of children from residential care into families and communities, a case management approach, standard operating procedures (SOPs) and tools were required to support state and non-state service providers to standardize the way they promoted family care. This short insight document describes how the case management package was developed and rolled out.

UNICEF ESARO Regional Learning Platform,

During this UNICEF ESARO webinar presenters share findings from research on care leavers in Kenya, and explore the peer-to-peer methods used in this research. The Government of Kenya also explains why this research was conducted and how it will be used.

Purity Wambui Gitahi, Michael Njeru, Jared Menecha,

This study sought to explore the prevalence of depression among orphaned adolescents in the selected children’s homes in Githurai Division, Nairobi County.

Changing the Way We Care (CTWWC),

Though research has been conducted on children with disabilities and on children in residential care settings, the intersections of these two topics has yet to be explored in depth. Notably, there is a lack of information surrounding disability measurement within residential care settings, highlighting a gap in the literature. It is estimated that a child with a disability is 17 times more likely to be placed in an institutionalized care setting than a child without a disability, and girls are more likely to be placed in an institution than boys. This report details research conducted in Kenya.

Caroline Kimeu - The Guardian,

A Kenyan religious cult leader accused of inciting followers to starve to death is facing additional charges including terrorism and child trafficking.

Changing the Way We Care (CTWWC),

This brief summarizes the original design of Changing the Way We Care’s family strengthening approach,  the  lessons  learned  during  implementation,  and  the adaptations  that  CTWWC  is  making  to  maximize  the  impact  of  its  family strengthening work.

Changing the Way We Care (CTWWC),

This CTWWC brief describes the family strengthening approach and the people who work with families and children. It shares reflections from facilitators of parenting sessions and the caregivers, themselves.

Changing the Way We Care (CTWWC),

Positive parenting programs are an important part of this package and are provided together with training in household finance, access to household economic strengthening opportunities, and referrals to other critical services such as child protection and disability support and helping families under stress feel supported and part of their local community. This brief describes the program and interventions.