This is the transcript of a speech by Dr. Charles A. Nelson III, presented to the United States House of Representatives Panel on the Science of Early Childhood Development. Dr. Nelson focuses on the basic science behind early childhood development as he emphasizes the need to guarantee healthy environments and experiences for young children. This short speech is an excellent resource for understanding the basic concept of neural plasticity as it applies to ECD. In addition, it clearly outlines the needs of children to ensure their healthy development and discusses the profound effects of inadequate care.