Adoption and Kafala

Adoption is the formal, permanent transfer of parental rights to a family other than a child’s own and the formal assumption by that family of all parenting duties for the child. Where a child’s parents are living and their parental rights have not been terminated, they must provide informed consent for adoption. In some countries it is not culturally acceptable to give the parental rights to a non-family member, and therefore alternative long-term care options must be pursued e.g. kinship care. In some Islamic countries, the term ‘Kafala’ in Islamic law is used to describe a situation similar to adoption, but without the severing of family ties, the transference of inheritance rights, or the change of the child’s family name.

Given the permanency of adoption, it should be used very carefully and only when it is in a child’s best interests. In some cases difficult choices must be made between keeping a child in a temporary care situation in the hope of eventual family reunification, and a child’s developmental need for permanent attachment and care within a family environment. Adoption should not be considered an option in an emergency context. In the case of family separation in an emergency all tracing activities must be exhausted before adoption can be considered.

The long term care of a child requires thorough assessment and planning, and should include the participation of all those affected, especially the child in question. The choice for adoption must meet the child’s long term needs and wishes, and enable their healthy development into adulthood. Wherever possible, children should remain with siblings and encouraged to maintain contact with relatives. All adoptive placements should be in keeping with applicable national law and international standards.

Ideally adoptive parents should come from a similar cultural and religious background to the child, so that the child can retain her heritage and sense of identity. This will be more likely when the adoption is within the country of the child’s origin. The child care policies of a country must therefore provide mechanisms for formal state adoption procedures, and provide workers to support this process. Intercountry or cross border adoptions should be used with caution since the child is likely to grow up in unfamiliar surroundings, and may therefore be more isolated and exposed to risk. When intercountry adoption is in the best interests of a child, international protection agencies should ensure standards are met and procedures should be in keeping with the Hague Convention on intercountry adoption.

This section of papers includes country and policy examples of the use of adoption and guidance on practice.

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Adoption from Care: International Perspectives on Children’s Rights, Family Preservation and State Intervention

Tarja Pösö, Marit Skivenes and June Thoburn - Research in Social Work series, Bristol University Press, 2021

This book introduces general topics on human rights and attachment, as well as a country-specific in-depth analysis of the legal and policy imperatives guiding adoptions from care, with a particular interest on the rights of children and their care-taking adults, including their birth parents

Development and Validation of a Measure of Attachment Disorders Based on DSM-5 Criteria: The Early TRAuma-Related Disorders Questionnaire (ETRADQ)

Sebastien Monette, Chantal Cyr, Miguel M. Terradas, Sophie Couture, Helen Minnis, Stine Lehmann - Assessment, 31 Dec 2020

This study sought to validate the Early TRAuma-related Disorders Questionnaire (ETRADQ), a caregiver report which was developed to assess attachment disorders in school-age children based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–Fifth edition criteria.

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The Emotional Nature of Birth Family Relationships for Care-experienced and Adopted Young People: A Longitudinal Perspective

Montserrat Fargas-Malet and Dominic McSherry - Journal of Family Issues, 16 Dec 2020

In this article, the authors describe young people’s emotional responses to birth family, and highlight implications for theory, research, and practice.

Equipping resource parents with the knowledge and attitudes to effectively parent teens: Results from the CORE Teen training program

Alanna Feltner, Angelique Day, Lori Vanderwill, Emma Fontaine, Sue Cohick - Children and Youth Services Review, 14 Dec 2020

The Critical On-going Resource Family Education (CORE) Teen is a comprehensive foster parent training program designed to provide resource parents with the knowledge and skills to support teens in their care. This study examined results from trainings conducted across four states and one tribal nation in the U.S.

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Assessing changes in the internal worlds of earlyand late-adopted children using the Story Stem Assessment Profile (SSAP)

Saul Hillman, Jill Hodges, Miriam Steele, Antonella Cirasola, Kay Asquith, Jeanne Kaniuk - Adoption & Fostering, 09 Dec 2020

This study assesses the internal representations of three groups of children, as measured by the Story Stem Assessment Profile (SSAP). These were: (1) a maltreated, late-adopted (MLA); (2) a non-maltreated, early-adopted (EA) sample; and (3) a non-maltreated community sample (COMM).

Abuse after abuse: The recurrent maltreatment of American Indian children in foster care and adoption

Ashley L. Landers, Sharon M. Danes, Avery R. Campbell, Sandy White Hawk - Child Abuse & Neglect, 08 Dec 2020

This study examined the recurrent maltreatment of American Indian children in foster and adoptive homes, specifically the physical, emotional, sexual, and spiritual abuse subtypes, as well as poly-victimization of American Indian children in comparison to their White peers.

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The 1993 Intercountry Adoption Convention: from gift child to safer adoptions

Sai Ramani Garimella and Shivika Choudhary - The Elgar Companion to the Hague Conference on Private International Law, 08 Dec 2020

This Chapter elucidates the objectives, scope, and challenges in the implementation of the 1993 Intercountry Adoption Convention.

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Child Vulnerabilities And Family-Based Childcare Systems: COVID-19 Challenges Of Foster Care And Adoption In India

Ratna Verma and Rinku Verma - Institutionalised Children Explorations and Beyond, 04 Dec 2020

This article has been developed based on a systematic review of research studies conducted in the last 10 years on family-based childcare systems and a rapid review of research and assessments conducted in 2020 to explore the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on adoption and foster care in India.

Understanding wellbeing and caregiver commitment after adoption or guardianship from foster care

Kevin R. White, Nancy Rolock, Laura Marra, Monica Faulkner, Kerrie Ocasio & Rowena Fong - Journal of Public Child Welfare, 01 Dec 2020

This study explored data obtained from surveys of caregivers who had previously adopted or assumed guardianship of a child from foster care in two U.S. states. Descriptive analyses summarized the demographic and wellbeing characteristics of children and families, and multivariate regression models estimated the association between these variables and caregiver commitment.

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Adopted students and intersectionality, starting points for a first analysis

Monya Ferritti and Anna Guerrieri - Educazione Interculturale, 23 Nov 2020

This article, thanks to data collected by family associations, intends to investigate multiple intersectionality of students with adoptive background by highlighting the most important problems, the school’s and healthcare’s interventions to address those problems and the possible additional and complementary actions that can be put into place to encourage inclusion and integration of disabled students with adoptive and ethnically different backgrounds.