Children and Migration

Millions of children around the world are affected by migration. This includes girls and boys who migrate within and between countries (usually with their families but sometimes on their own), as well as children ‘left behind’ when their parents or caregivers migrate in search of economic opportunities. Be it forced or voluntary, by adults or children, migration affects children’s care situations and can entail risks to their protection.

Children on the move: Like adults, children often migrate in an attempt to build a better life – to escape poverty, discrimination or conflict, and to find education, employment and other opportunities. Others relocate due to an unstable or difficult family environment, such as the loss of a parent, or neglect or abuse from a caregiver. Children may migrate with or without their families, and their movements may be temporary, seasonal or permanent.

While migration can open up new opportunities for children, it can also expose them to harmful care situations, chronic poverty, violence and exploitation. During transit and at their destination, migrant children may end up in unsafe institutions, detention centres, on the streets or in overcrowded, poor-quality accommodation. Others who migrate to join households (e.g. for fostering, education, domestic work or apprenticeships) may be subjected to exploitation. Many migrant children, particularly those without documentation, end up without access to education, protection or basic services, while discrimination and language barriers make it difficult for them to reintegrate into new communities.

Children left behind. An increasing number of children around the world are also adversely affected when migrating parents leave home to seek out employment or economic opportunities (often in urban centres). While children may gain materially from remittances sent home, the absence of a parent may be detrimental to their social and psychological development. In particular, the nature and quality of children’s care relationships may suffer as they adjust to life without a loved caregiver and try to replace a physically and emotionally nurturing relationship with someone new.

Studies from around the world indicate that children left behind by migrating caretakers face education, health and psychosocial problems, including deteriorating academic performance and lower school attendance, greater risk of drug abuse, early pregnancy, involvement in criminal activities and social dysfunction. Left behind children may suffer from low self-esteem and feelings of abandonment, and in the worst cases may be vulnerable to violence, abuse and trafficking. While new or remaining caretakers can offer children a protective and caring environment they may also struggle to care for them without support, and breakdown of these relationships can sometimes result in children’s placement in harmful institutional care.

The documents in this section focus on the impact of migration on children’s care situations, and outline policy, advocacy and programmatic measures to enhance child migrants’ protection.

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International parental migration and the psychological well-being of children in Ghana, Nigeria, and Angola

Valentina Mazzucato, Jeanne Vivet, Victor Cebotari, Angela Veale, Allen White, Marzia Grassi - Social Science & Medicine, 2015

This study aims to bridge gaps in areas of knowledge by quantitatively investigating the association between transnational families and children's psychological well-being. It analyzes a survey conducted in three African countries in 2010-11 (Ghana, Angola, and Nigeria) amongst pupils of secondary schools, comparing children in transnational families to those living with their parents in their country of origin.

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Impact of Rural-Urban Labour Migration on Education of Children: A Case Study of Left Behind and Accompanied Migrant Children in India

Dr Archana K Roy, Pappu Singh, and Prof. UN Roy - Space and Culture, India 2015, 2:4, 2015

This paper explores the impact of temporary labour migration of parent(s) on school attendance of children between 6–14 years and their dropping out from school through an analysis of cases from both ends of the migration stream in India - children accompanying their migrant parents and children left behind.

Niños, Niñas y Adolescentes Migrantes Retornados. Un análisis de los contextos y las respuestas de los servicios y las políticas de protección en El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras y México

RELAF, UNICEF, Save the Children, 2015

Esta evaluación rápida busca cubrir la escasez de información sobre las políticas y los servicios de las entidades gubernamentales y no gubernamentales encargadas de la protección de los derechos de niños, niñas y adolescentes migrantes retornados a sus sociedades de origen en los países del Triángulo del Norte y México, con un foco en las acciones tendientes a restituir el derecho a la convivencia familiar y la integración comunitaria.

Migrant Children and Adolescents Returned: An Analysis of the Contexts and Responses of the Services and Policies of Protection in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Mexico (Spanish)

RELAF, Save the Children, and UNICEF, 2015

Esta evaluación rápida, conducida por RELAF in colaboración con Save the Children y UNICEF, revisa las políticas públicas y servicios desarrollados por instituciones gubernamentales y no-gubernamentales perteneciendo al "Sistema de Protección Integral" para hacer frente a las cuestiones problemáticas que afectan los niños migrantes y sus familias en el Triángulo del Norte (El Salvador, Guatemala, y Honduras) y México.

International migration and human capital in Mexico: Networks or parental absence?

Jaime Lara - International Journal of Educational Development, 2015

This article discusses the effect of international migration on the accumulation of human capital among Mexican youths aged 15–18 who are left behind.

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Ninos, Ninas y Asolescentes Migrantes Retornados. Un analisis de los contextos y las respuestas de los servicios y las politicas de proteccion en El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras y Mexico

RELAF, 2015

Entre 2013 y 2014, aumentó de manera considerable el número de niños, niñas y adolescentes no acompañados que migran desde los países de América Central hacia México y los Estados Unidos (EU).

The Feminization of International Migration and its Effects on the Children Left Behind: Evidence from the Philippines

Patricia Cortes - World Development, 2015

This paper explores the effects of a mother’s migration on her children’s well-being.

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Parental migration and the mental health of those who stay behind to care for children in South-East Asia

Elspeth Graham, Lucy P. Jordan, Brenda S.A. Yeoh - Social Science & Medicine, 2015

This paper uses data collected in 2008 and 2009 for a project on Child Health and Migrant Parents in South-East Asia (CHAMPSEA) to address a largely neglected research area by investigating the mental health of those who stay behind in Indonesia, Philippines and Vietnam to care for the children of overseas migrants.

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Consequences of parents’ migration on children rearing and education

Maria Pescaru - Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2015

This study examines the consequences of the affective and educative nature of Romanian parents’ migration related to their children.

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Building Happy Families: Impact Evaluation of a Parenting and Family Skills Intervention for Migrant and Displaced Burmese Families in Thailand

Amanda Sim, Jeannie Annan, Eve Puffer, Carmel Salhi and Theresa Betancourt - International Rescue Committee, 01 Nov 2014

This report presents findings from the impact evaluation of a parenting and family skills intervention for the displaced Burmese population in Thailand called the Happy Families Program which was implemented by the IRC from 2011 to 2013.