Social Protection Policies and Programmes

Poverty affects both the quality and length of children’s lives, reduces the ability of families to adequately provide for their children, and is a significant cause of family breakdown and child separation. Social assistance programmes aim to reduce child poverty and act as a safety net for families with minimal resources.

Such programmes include in-kind and in-cash transfers, and food for work initiatives. Social assistance programmes are a part of social welfare and must include clear child care policies that protect children and strengthen family and community capacities to access services and provide care.

Cash transfers are a means of financially supporting the most vulnerable households to improve the child’s access to essential goods and services, such as health and education. They include the use of child support grants, child and family allowances and targeted and conditional cash transfers. They may be combined with investment in child education and health services, and redistributive tax policies.

In-kind transfers provide access to essential goods and services instead of cash payments. Conditional cash transfers provide money to poor families on achieving certain actions, such as sending children to school.

Social assistance programmes may struggle to target those most in need, and provide sustainable support. Economic policies, including social assistance, and household economic strengthening, require substantial research, monitoring, and gatekeeping to ensure that the poorest and most vulnerable are reached and that long term benefits can be achieved for families, including child headed households.

The literature in this section provides country examples and analyses of social assistance programs, focusing primarily on cash transfer schemes.

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"We Will Bury Ourselves:" A Study of Child-Headed Households on Commercial Farms in Zimbabwe

Farm Orphan Support Trust (FOST) of Zimbabwe, 2002

A report of an action research study done by Farm Orphan Support Trust of Zimbabwe (FOST), to learn about the problems of child-headed households on commercial farms in Mashonaland Central and Manicaland provinces. The report includes the problems indentified and some recommendations for interventions, such as integration of psycho-social support and provision of material needs.

Costs of Care and Support

Tim Quinlan and Chris Desmond, 31 Dec 2001

Discussion of the cost of care and support for children affected by HIV/AIDS in South Africa, with a recommendation for the combined use of state based interventions and community based solutions.

Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children: What Role for Social Protection?

Anthony Levine (Editor), 2001

A report recording the proceedings of a conference co-sponsored by the World Bank and World Vision. The two-day conference sought to promote awareness of OVC issues around the world, to provide practitioners with a forum to share best practices and other insights, and to probe the role of social protection in implementing a balanced response. Participants included but were not limited to: community and donor organizations, NGOs.

Care For Orphans, Children Affected By HIV/AIDS And Other Vulnerable Children

Family Health International, 2001

A summary of comprehensive care needs for children affected by AIDS. Includes several case studies which highlight key components of comprehensive program design, implementation and evaluation.

Social Protection of Africa's Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children: Issues and Good Practice Program Options

K Subbarao, Angel Mattimore, and Kathrin Plangemann, 2001

Overviews the causes and consequences of the orphan crisis in Africa and analyzes current social protection responses. Suggests good practices in social protection of orphans and vulnerable children.

Child Needs Assessment Tool Kit

N/A, 2001

A comprehensive tool kit providing a methodology, questionnaire and software for assessing the needs of young children affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Used to help design of service programs, secure funding, and monitor and evaluate programs specifically targeting the needs of young children and their families.

Finding a Way Forward: Principles and Strategies to Reduce the Impacts of AIDS on Children and Families

John Williamson, 2000

Provides a multi-level approach for the analysis and development of context-specific interventions in communities affected by HIV/AIDS epidemic. Includes discussion of microfinance services, and highlights several community-based programs.

Cash-Based Responses in Emergency

Humanitarian Policy Group, Overseas Development Institute , 2000

Argues that cash-based responses should play a growing role in humanitarian response to crises

The Impact of the Bolivian SOS Social Centers

Nancy Ardaya Salinas, 2000

Extensive report on the institutional- and family-level impacts of SOS Social Centers in Bolivia. Includes recommendations and lessons learned.

Malawi: The Role of Cash Transfers in a National Safety Nets Program

Paul Harnett, 1999

A technical report on the use of cash and in-kind transfers as a means of alleviating poverty in developing countries. A discussion of both advantages and disadvantages of cash transfers with recommendations for a pilot program for Malawi.

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