Adoption and Kafala

Adoption is the formal, permanent transfer of parental rights to a family other than a child’s own and the formal assumption by that family of all parenting duties for the child. Where a child’s parents are living and their parental rights have not been terminated, they must provide informed consent for adoption. In some countries it is not culturally acceptable to give the parental rights to a non-family member, and therefore alternative long-term care options must be pursued e.g. kinship care. In some Islamic countries, the term ‘Kafala’ in Islamic law is used to describe a situation similar to adoption, but without the severing of family ties, the transference of inheritance rights, or the change of the child’s family name.

Given the permanency of adoption, it should be used very carefully and only when it is in a child’s best interests. In some cases difficult choices must be made between keeping a child in a temporary care situation in the hope of eventual family reunification, and a child’s developmental need for permanent attachment and care within a family environment. Adoption should not be considered an option in an emergency context. In the case of family separation in an emergency all tracing activities must be exhausted before adoption can be considered.

The long term care of a child requires thorough assessment and planning, and should include the participation of all those affected, especially the child in question. The choice for adoption must meet the child’s long term needs and wishes, and enable their healthy development into adulthood. Wherever possible, children should remain with siblings and encouraged to maintain contact with relatives. All adoptive placements should be in keeping with applicable national law and international standards.

Ideally adoptive parents should come from a similar cultural and religious background to the child, so that the child can retain her heritage and sense of identity. This will be more likely when the adoption is within the country of the child’s origin. The child care policies of a country must therefore provide mechanisms for formal state adoption procedures, and provide workers to support this process. Intercountry or cross border adoptions should be used with caution since the child is likely to grow up in unfamiliar surroundings, and may therefore be more isolated and exposed to risk. When intercountry adoption is in the best interests of a child, international protection agencies should ensure standards are met and procedures should be in keeping with the Hague Convention on intercountry adoption.

This section of papers includes country and policy examples of the use of adoption and guidance on practice.

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Removing gender barriers: Promoting inclusion for trans and non‐binary carers in fostering and adoption

Claire Brown & Michaela Rogers - Child & Family Social Work, 14 Jan 2020

This paper offers a conceptually informed analysis of fostering and adoption social work and argues for more consistent inclusion of trans and non‐binary people.

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International Adoption

Susan Friedman & Amy Lynch - The Encyclopedia of Child and Adolescent Development, 13 Jan 2020

This article explores the impact of preadoption history upon physical, mental, emotional, cognitive, and developmental well‐being of children and the need for adoptive parents, medical and mental health professionals, and schools to understand these impacts.

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Early childhood deprivation is associated with alterations in adult brain structure despite subsequent environmental enrichment

Nuria K. Mackes, Dennis Golm, Sagari Sarkar, Robert Kumsta, Michael Rutter, Graeme Fairchild, Mitul A. Mehta, Edmund J. S. Sonuga-Barke - PNAS, 07 Jan 2020

To investigate the impact of childhood deprivation on the adult brain and the extent to which structural changes underpin these effects, the authors of this study from PNAS utilized MRI data collected from young adults who were exposed to severe deprivation in early childhood in the Romanian orphanages of the Ceaușescu era and then, subsequently adopted by UK families.

School adjustment of internationally adopted children in primary school: A mother and teacher approach

Monica Dalen, Steinar Theie, Anne-Lise Rygvold - Children and Youth Services Review, 07 Jan 2020

The study examined school adjustment among 119 internationally adopted children in Norway.

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La kafalah: Analyse préliminaire de pratiques nationales et transfrontières

Service Social International, 2020

Through the analysis of over twenty country contexts, this study aims at clarifying in particular: Where does kafalah originate from? What are its characteristics in different States, and how is it recognised or enforced in another State?

Enduring issues in adoption and fostering: a 40-year review

Roger Bullock - Adoption & Fostering, 2020

This article explores changes in policy and practice in children’s services in the UK over the past 40 years and discusses the thinking that has underpinned them.

Family Law and Policy for LGBTQ Individuals and Families: Adoption, Foster Care, Assisted Reproduction, and Parental Rights

Naomi G. Goldberg and Amira Hasenbush - Politics, Oxford University Press, 2020

This article argues that the patchwork of legal protections across U.S. states means that many LGBTQ-headed families lack needed security, stability, and legal recognition.

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ICWA Downunder: Exploring the Costs and Benefits of Enacting an Australian Version of the United States' Indian Child Welfare Act

Marcia Zug - Canadian Journal of Family Law, 2020

This article from the Canadian Journal of Family Law finds that an Australian version of the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) of the United States is feasible and could significantly reduce Indigenous child removals and the break up of Indigenous families and communities in Australia.

The Routledge Handbook of Adoption

Gretchen Miller Wrobel, Emily Helder, Elisha Marr, Eds., 2020

This handbook provides a central source of contemporary scholarship from a variety of disciplines with an international perspective and uses a multifaceted and interdisciplinary approach to ground adoption practices and activities in scientific research.

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Kafalah: Preliminary analysis of national and cross-border practices

International Social Service/International Centre of Reference for the Rights of Children Deprived of their Family, 2020