Alternative Child Care and Deinstitutionalisation: A Case Study of Indonesia
10 Jan 2016
Indonesia
demographic_data
270.63 million
Total Population
World Bank 2019
25.9%
Population Under 18
Statista Research Department, 2021
3.9
People
Mean Household Size
DHS, 2017
14.8%
Prevalence of Female-Headed Households
World Bank, 2017
Upper Middle-Income Country
World Bank GNI Status
World Bank, 2019
9.4%
Living Below Poverty Line
World Bank, 2019
38.2
GINI Coefficient
World Bank, 2019
0.718
Human Development Index
UNDP, 2019
childrens_living_arrangement
%
Country
NO SOURCE GIVEN
89%
Living with Both Parents
MICS 2000
7.2%
Living with One Parent
MICS 2000
3.4%
Living with Neither Parent
MICS 2000
%
Effective
NO SOURCE GIVEN
children_living_without_bio
76%
Both Parents Alive
MICS 2000
15%
One Parent Dead
MICS 2000
9%
Both Parents Dead
MICS 2000
15.7%
Children Living Below Poverty Line (Urban)
Indonesian National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas), 2018
i
The more affluent region of Java, for example, was home to nearly 4.6 million children living below the national poverty line in 2018.
3.25%
Children Engaged in Child Labor
Sakernas, 2020
3.3%
Children with Disabilities
Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), 2020
i
Age 5-17
14%
Left Behind Children (Migration)
UNICEF, 2020
i
Out of 356,000
Children Affected by HIV
6,500
Children
UNAIDS, 2021
i
Age 0-19
Street Connected Children
16,290
Children
Central Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Social Affairs, 2017
i
In Jakarta there are more than 16.000 street children who work in informal sectors. collecting recyclable waste or scavenging, begging, shoe-shining, car window cleansing, bus cleaning, street singing, street peddling, baggage carrying, child prostitution, lending umbrellas and illegal parking assistants.
48.4%
Children Experiencing Violence
Susenas, 2020
i
Proportion of households with children aged 1-17 years who experienced physical punishment and/or psychological aggression from caregivers in the last year.
Children in Conflict with the Law
704
Children
KPAI, 2020
8.9%
Children Living Below the National Poverty Line (Rural)
Indonesian National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas), 2018
i
The more affluent region of Java, for example, was home to nearly 4.6 million children living below the national poverty line in 2018.
Children on the Move (Refugees)
2,455
Children
UNHCR Global Trends, 2020
i
Age 0-17
COVID-19 Orphans
25,430
Children
MoWECP & UNICEF, 2021
i
The mapping finds that the majority of children (57 per cent) have lost a male caregiver, over a third (37 per cent) have lost a female caregiver, and around five per cent have lost both caregivers. Most of the children are currently being looked after by a female caregiver, some by their extended families while 114 children are unaccompanied and are not being cared for by any adult.
Children in Detention
3,673
Children
Ministry of Law & Human Rights, 2014
i
22% of all children who were in detention were unsentenced. Boys made up 97%.
16%
Child Marriages
UNICEF, 2021
i
Levels of child marriage vary significantly across different regions of the country, from an average of 8% in Sumatera to 16% in Kalimantan (Susenas 2018). Indonesia Parliament raised the minimum age for marriage from 16 to 19 in 2019.
Child Trafficking
1
per 100,000
Indonesian Task Force of Prevention and Law Enforcement, 2015
i
Trafficking appears to be a highly gendered issue: women and girls are almost five times more likely to be assisted due to trafficking than men and boys respectively.
56%
Children Whose Births are Registered
DHS, 2017
i
Children aged 0–4 years with a birth certificate from the civil registry office.
0 Families/Parents
0 Children
NO SOURCE GIVEN
0 Families/Parents
0 Children
NO SOURCE GIVEN
Total Family-Based Alternative Care
- - Families/Parents
963 Children
i
Family and alternative care
KPAI, 2020
Foster Care
30 Foster Families/Foster Parents
- - Children
i
Foster Care Guideline No. 1 was adopted in early 2020. Foster care was piloted in Jakarta, West Java and Yogyakarta resulting in 30 proper foster care undertaken.
Save the Children, 2021
Formal Kinship Care
- - Families/Parents
- - Children
NO SOURCE GIVEN
Guardianship
- - Families/Parents
- - Children
i
Government regulation on guardianship on No. 29 passed in 2019.
NO SOURCE GIVEN
Total Residential Care
- - Settings
- - Children
i
Most child care institutions were formerly called Panti Asuhan meaning orphanages, but there are now called Lembaga Kesejahteraan Sosial Anak (LKSA) or Child Social Welfare Institutions.
In addition to child care institutions for neglected children, there are another 17 different types of residential facilities recognized by the MoSA that provide services for children, either on their own or together with adults. These include Disabled People’s Homes, rehabilitative institutions for children considered ‘naughty’ or juvenile delinquents, shelters for street children and Special Protection Homes (RPSA-Rumah Perlindungan Sosial Anak) for child victims of abuse and trafficking.
List of registered residential care facilities can be found on BAPENAS - Satu Data Indonesia portal.
Martin, 2013
Islamic Boarding Schools (pesantren)
- - Settings
3,300,000 Children
i
Managed by the Ministry of Religious Affairs, there are over 27,000 pesantren whose primary focus is to provide religious and in some cases also formal education.
Martin, 2013
adoption
NO DATA AVAIABLE
Country
NO SOURCE GIVEN
0
children
Inter-country Adoption
SOS Children’s Villages International, 2016
i
Indonesia is not party to the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption. Following the tsunami in 2004, Indonesia banned the transfer of any child under the age of 16 from the most devastated province of Aceh, and explicitly banned any inter-country adoptions.
NO DATA AVAIABLE
Effective
NO SOURCE GIVEN
95.7%
Children with Both Parents Alive
MICS 2000
3.6%
Children with One Parent Alive
MICS 2000
.3%
Children with Both Parents Dead
NO SOURCE GIVEN
Country
NO SOURCE GIVEN
Effective
NO SOURCE GIVEN
NO DATA AVAILABLE
Social Welfare Spending
NO SOURCE GIVEN
%
0
Child Protection Spending
UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, 2017
Alternative Care Policy in Line with the 2009 Guidelines
Yes
BCN & UNICEF, 2015
i
National standards requires child welfare bodies to establish a system that supports family-based care in accordance with children’s best interests, and facilitates children’s participation in decision-making according to his/her wishes. Indonesian law mandates that, wherever possible, guardians should be appointed from the child’s own family.
Commitment to Deinstitutionalistion
Yes
Save the Children, 2021
i
Legal safeguards have been in place around prevention of institutionalization and promotion of family-based care under the Families First programme by Save the Children.
Comprehensive Child Protection Law
Yes
GSSWA, 2019
i
The Indonesian child protection system is governed by the Law on Child Protection (Number 23/2002) and contains elements at primary, secondary and tertiary levels. At the primary level, policies and services to promote the capacities of families and to provide information exist across several sectors. These include social protection and poverty alleviation, as well as health and education. At the secondary level, there are social services to provide for the well-being of children specifically, including children with disabilities, street children and children in conflict with the law. Tertiary level interventions at subnational levels are delivered through a network of services coordinated by local government.
Continuum of Alternative Care Services Available
Yes
Save the Children, 2021
i
1) Government Regulation on guardianship No. 29/2019; 2) Ministerial regulation on Foster Care Guideline was adopted - MoSa Decree No 1/2020 & Government Regulation No. 44/2017
Data System
Yes
Save the Children, 2021
Existence of a Regulatory Body and Regulatory System
Yes
BCN & GSSWA, 2015
i
A national registration system for residential care facilities and a database for children in residential care were developed.
Gatekeeping Mechanism/Policy
Yes
SOS, 2016
i
Pro-active efforts to ensure gatekeeping have been undertaken by Dinas Social staff. Recognising that many children enter institutions in order to access education, at the start of the academic year Dinas Social staff are increasing discussions with child care institution managers to ensure gatekeeping and assessments so that only children that are eligible enter and to do so they must have a recommendation letter from Dinas Social. The establishment of gatekeeping mechanisms and use of individual case management is also support re-assessment of children in institutions and family reunification processes.
Means of Tracking Progress with Reforms
Yes
NO SOURCE GIVEN
Moratorium on Admission into Institutions for Children Under 3
No
NO SOURCE GIVEN
Moratorium on New Institutions
No
NO SOURCE GIVEN
i
1) MoSA Decree No.30/HUK/2020; 2)Government Regulation No.44/2017
National Action Plan to Guide Reforms
Yes
Save the Children, 2021
i
Government regulation concerning childcare implementation No. 44/2017
National Standards of Care
Yes
Save the Children, 2021
i
National Standards of Care for Child Welfare Institutions, adopted under Ministry of Social Affairs (MoSA) regulation 30/HUK/2011. Rolled out to 34 provinces, and 7,440 institutions accepted accreditation as of 2020 by Social Welfare Institution Accreditation Body in Indonesia known as Badan Akreditasi Lembaga Kesejahteraan Sosial (BALKS).
Prevention of Separation Services Available
Yes
Save the Children, 2021
i
Child and Family Support Center (Pusat Dukungan Anak dan Keluarga - PDAK) aims to strengthen the case management approach in working with children and families through supervision and database utilization; strengthen professional and para-social workers on Child Protection, Child Safeguard Policy, and Supervision; ensure children's reunification with birth family or placement of children in alternative family-based care arrangements (kinship care, foster care and adoption); as well as support parenting skill for biological and substitute parents/caregivers.
Support for Careleavers (in Legislation and in Practice)
Yes
NO SOURCE GIVEN
social_work_force
Workers
NO SOURCE GIVEN
Country
1,421
Members
Social Work Association
BCN & GSSWA, 2015
i
Indonesia Association of Professional Social Workers (IPSPI) with Code of Ethics as well as registered member of IFSW. Together s Indonesia Association for Social Work Education (IPPSI), the 2 main bodies responsible for the played significant roles in strengthening the social service workforce by building consensus on the qualifications, knowledge, skills, and competencies of various levels of social workers lending to reform of the social work education system and profession.
-1
None Provided
Digitalization of Social Work / E-learning
Save the Children, 2021
i
By end of 2020, 1080 social workers have followed e-learning case management. In 2020, 383 of 487 of them passed the test in 2020 and got a certificate that can be used as one of the inputs for the certification test of social work competency.
Workers
NO SOURCE GIVEN
Effective
A national workforce assessment and analysis carried out within the past four years
Yes
Save the Children, 2021
i
Well established and comprehensive social work tradition in Indonesia with 28 with academic programmes for the training of professional social workers and eight regional training centers operated by the Department of Social Welfare. Social work certification of competency programme which resulted in 3,132 certified social workers from 2012 to 2020. 2,420 certified social worker and 2,071 para social workers (2016-2020).
A system of licensing/registration of social service professionals
Yes
SOS Children’s Villages International, 2016
i
The Ministerial Regulation on the Certification of Professional Social Workers and Social Welfare Officers (Tenaga Kesejahteraan Sosial - TKS) was adopted in 2009 (No. 108/HUK/2009). In 2011 members of the Social Worker Certification Body (Lembaga Sertifikasi Pekerja Sosial - LSPS) were appointed. These initiatives are implemented to further endorse the Social Welfare Law number 11/2009 that stipulated certification and accreditation.
key_stakeholders
Key Stakeholders
Add New DataCountry
Government
i
Based on Presidential Regulation No. 46 of 2015 concerning the Ministry of Social Affairs, it is stated that the Ministry of Social Affairs has the task of carrying out affairs in the fields of social rehabilitation, social security, social empowerment, social protection, and handling the development of poverty and inclusivity.
DEPSOS Departement Sosial (Department of Social Services at National Level)
DINSOS Dinas Sosial (Department of Social Affairs at the Provincial level)
i
Responsibilities as outlined in the National Standards of Care include:
- Assessing and providing permits to social welfare organisations that aims to deliver social welfare following accreditation protocols;
- Regular monitoring and evaluation (at least once a year) to see if the services provided by the child welfare institution conform to the National Standards of Care;
- Using individual case management as a tool to: assess the child and their family, to ensure gatekeeping and to prevent unnecessary family separation; plan and implement a care plan for the child and family to ensure care and protection in their best interests;
- Preparing a letter of agreement for children who fulfill criteria to enter a child welfare institution;
- Monitoring how child welfare institutions provide care;
- Responding to referrals from child welfare institutions to support family based care and/or family reunification;
- Identifying substitute families through fostering, guardianship or adoption for children and monitoring the care of children in substitute families. "
i
Responsible for overall policy coordination for child protection, in addition to its mandate on women. As part of this mandate, it is responsible for coordinating the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Ministry participates in joint programming with other ministries for coordinated delivery of services for children. It is also instrumental in issuing policy guidelines for child protection to sub-national counterparts.
i
Formulates and determines the Government of Indonesia's development policies and builds synergy between planning, budgeting, regulations, and institutions at central and regional level. It is the leading institution in the formulation of the medium-term national development plan document, translating every elected President's visions and missions into development priority programs and targets). Functioning as well as a think-tank institution, BAPPENAS builds policies based on evidences and knowledge, through participatory and forward-oriented approaches. National Task Force on Child Protection is led by the Ministry of National Development Planning/BAPPENAS.
i
Responsibility for formal and informal Islamic schools management in Indonesia, including pesantren (Islamic boarding schools).
i
KPAI as an auxiliary state institutions in the feld of children’s rights enforcement has been to provide services according to the needs of protection of human rights and amandat in accordance with the Constitution, the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the Law on Child Protection. Efforts could be done by KPAI to realize sustainable child protection are: 1) Control, 2) Prevention, 3) Service and 4) Awareness.
A high level mandate to monitor and make recommendations to the President on the implementation of the Child protection law, but its role is mostly to disseminate the content of the law to the broader public . The commission’s secretariat and budget are under the MoWECP; as a result, the integrity of the Commission’s ‘independence’ has been brought into question. The Commission also has no mandated authority on issues related to policy budgeting or technical aspects of policy implementation.
i
Task of carrying out policy formulation and coordination as well as implementation in the field of professional development of Social Workers, and Social Counselors as well as implementation of Professional Certification of Social Workers, Social Instructors and Social Welfare Workers, as well as granting Accreditation of Social Welfare Institutions.
i
A children's organization fostered by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia through the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection, to bridge communication and interaction between the government and children throughout Indonesia in the context of fulfilling children's participation rights. Currently, FAN has spread from the Village/Kelurahan, District, Regency/City levels, to the Province.
FTR Network Family Tracing and Reunification Network (Jaringan Lembaga untuk Penelusuran dan Penyatuan Keluarga)
i
Members made up of Ministry of Social Services (DEPSOS), the Ministry of Women’s Empowerment (KPP), the provincial Department of Social Affairs (DINSOS), UNICEF, Save the Children, ICRC, Cardi/IRC, LCO, Muhammadiyah, Pusaka, and the Child Fund.
i
In charge for assisting the President in regards to developing the rural and disadvantages areas in Indonesia. Through its community development, is would help to speed up the development of villages. It also the responsibility to in the Transmigration Programme.
i
An independent institution whose position is at the same level as other state institutions whose function is to carry out studies, research, counseling, monitoring, and mediation of human rights.
Civil Society Organisations
i
Programmes focus on children who are most vulnerable to violence and aim at the safety and well-being of all children. Working with governments, international organizations and local community partners, we seek to create sustainable change with improvements in policies and services that protect children whether in natural disasters, or in development settings. Through the Families First Programme, we ensure proper treatment of children and institutionalization with three main components; prevention, direct response, and legal reform are implemented at local and national levels.
Also supporting secondment of senior staff to the Ministry of Social Affairs in supporting Community Based Child Protection work in West Java in 5 sub districts of Cianjur Districts and in 2 sub districts in West Bandung, Yogyakarta provinces and Sumba District in NTT province as part of its
broader Families First Programme. It supports child protection committees and cadre to: identify vulnerable children; support parenting groups and home
visitation; strengthen family resilience; prevent and respond to child protection and care issues and make referrals to social services or other services.
i
It is the second largest Islamic organisation in Indonesia and runs nearly 8,000 educational facilities, over 450 medical service units, 11,000 religious facilities and 500 residential facilities for vulnerable groups.
Committed to social and educational activities. One of the largest operators of residential care in the country, played a key role in the care research, the development of new policies and standards on care, and the transformation of how the organization’s social workers work with families.
Asuh Siaga Alliance ((Aliansi Pengasuhan Berbasis Keluarga – Family Based Care Alliance)
i
It is an alliance consisting of 28 key non-governmental member organisations. The alliance works closely with leading government ministries that focus on child protection and family support and has been actively advocating for the promotion of family-based care in Indonesia. The Government has mandated several member NGOs to pilot foster care projects.
i
SOS family strengthening programme was started to provide capacity building for parents from vulnerable families to care for and protect their children. Family Strengthening Programme (FSP) educators are employed who share information and skill sharing opportunities with parents and caregivers so that they can access basic services and strengthen their knowledge and skills in parenting, financial planning, and job search. Some scholarship or material funds are also sometimes provided. In some locations, especially in Yogyakarta, Flores and Bali FSP teams have been established in communities to increase self help and support to families. Family Development Plans have been developed and FSP teams could monitor FDP processes and progresses in accordance with the needs of each family.
i
Plan Indonesia supported the establishment of more than 230 Kelompok Perlindungan Anak Desa (KPAD) or Village Child Protection Committee. Advocacy based on Plan’s KPAD model has influenced national level plans by the MpWECP to adapt and scale up a model of integrated community based protection in each of the provinces.The adapted model is primarily reliant on volunteers. Functional community based child protection mechanisms (CBCPM) are often effective in preventing different forms of violence and they can also be effective in supporting family based care and protection.
i
Interdisciplinary team of researchers, policy thinkers, and programme implementers that work with scientists, practitioners, and civil society actors to help the government improve children’s access to health, education, justice and social care. They do this through a) research to generate the scientific evidence behind the solutions; b) advocacy to promote the solutions through public dialogues, technical assistance,
program design, management and evaluation; and c) capacity building to train, mentor, and provide field experiences for the next generation of researchers and practitioners.
Conducted Longitudinal Study of Children and Families (SLAK) 2021 and involved in peer review of Lancet report 2021 on "Instistutionalisation & Deinstitutionalisation of Children".
i
Contributed to the development of a strong child protection system by strengthening links between formal and informal protection mechanisms at the local level; and influencing policy and implementation in the interests of children, youth and families at the national level.
i
HARUM Family Center is a care center that provides services to all levels of society. HARUM Family Center promotes children's rights and child protection through good parenting and is a foster care service provider.
Effective
Other Relevant Reforms
Add New DataEffective
NO SOURCE GIVEN
Child Protection
i
The Government of Indonesia’s child protection agenda has led to significant improvements in children’s well-being in recent years. A key factor in strengthening child protection is the development and improvement of policies, which require continuous attention to achieve positive child protection outcomes over the long run. Ensuring birth registration for all children presents an ongoing challenge in Indonesia, as does decreasing the prevalence of violence against children. Recently, the need has arisen to develop policies and programmes to meet the needs of children living without parental care and protect children during disasters. Child protection adds a new dimension to the overall need for disaster risk reduction, preparedness and response.
Other developments include Instructions from Deputy of Child Protection No 776/2019 on Code of Conduct Implementation of Child Protection and Government Regulation No. 59/2019 on Child Protection Coordination. More recently, National Protocol & Guidance for Child Protection during Covid19 Pandemic.
Since 2019, UNICEF country office is supporting MoSA in piloting an integrated child welfare service model, in order to improve the linkages between child protection services, child and family support services and social protection mechanisms available in the country. MoSA is in the process of rolling this out from 5 to 116 districts. (GSSWA, 2019)
UNICEF, 2018
Decentralisation
i
In the context of decentralisation of the government system the social welfare system has been highly unregulated and heavily reliant on private, faith-based organizations for the delivery of services.
Law No 32 of 2004 on Local Governance reaffirmed the Central Government overall responsibility for ensuring the application of minimum standards in social welfare in the context of the local autonomy while local government is responsible for the provision and delivery of social services through their provincial and district/city offices. Each province has a provincial and a district/city Social Affairs Office (Dinas Sosial) which has a section or directorate responsible for social services for children. In most provinces, social welfare service structures do not extend below the district level (ECPAT et al., 2014).
BCN & GSSWA, 2014
Migration
i
In December 2016, the president of Indonesia, decreed the Presidential Regulation number 125 (Perpres 125), or the Presidential Regulation on the Handling of Foreign Refugees. This regulation provides a framework for a nationally coordinated response to asylum seekers and refugees. This decree also provides a definition of refugees and asylum seekers based on the 1951 Convention and as a result refugees and asylum seekers are no longer classified as irregular migrants.This decree has, overall, had some positive consequences for asylum seekers and refugees.First, the decree has meant that refugees and asylum seekers are granted freedom of movement and do not live in fear of being arrested and detained. Second, government agencies have a coherent definition of refugees and asylum seekers and have amended their behaviour towards this group. Essentially, government organisations now see refugees and asylum seekers as different to irregular migrants and to be treated as such. Third, the incidence and risk of refoulement has decreased, and the practice of “pushing migrants back to sea” is no longer taking place. Fourth, the decree has provided a division of labour among ministries and departments, helping to improve the coordination and effectiveness of refugee protection. While it is encouraging that Indonesia has become party to both conventions to ensure the adequate protection of refugees, as will be discussed below, some gaps still exist. Nevertheless this is a positive step.
Save the Children, 2018
Women Headed Household Empowerment Program (PEKKA)
World Bank, 2012
i
52,000 family members of 20,000 women have improved their livelihood and well-being.
Outcomes include the establishments of 750 PEKKA groups in 475 villages of 19 provinces; 1,500 grassroots women leaders actively engaged in various processes in community decision-making and development planning. And more than 100 PEKKA paralegals that assisted 6,639 poor children in getting birth certificates, 2,317 members in accessing village court for marriage cases, and 14 women in presenting cases of violence to court.
drivers_of_institutionalisation
Drivers of Institutionaliziation
Add New DataCountry
Push Factors
Poverty
i
Economic circumstances of families i.e. lack access to education and health services, and birth certificates. (BCN & UNICEF, 2015)
Inadequate Alternative Care Options
i
Other forms of alternative care, such as foster care, are still incipient and new. (BCN & UNICEF, 2015)
Discrimination Based on HIV and Disability
i
(PUSKAPA UI & UNICEF Indonesia, 2014)
Children Born Out of Wedlock
i
(SOS Children’s Villages International, 2017)
Children of Parents Who Migrate
i
(SOS Children’s Villages International, 2017)
Pull Factors
Culture of Institutionalization and Overall Low Reunification Rates
i
(BCN & UNICEF, 2015)
Active Recruitment
i
(FHI 360, 2015)
Effective
key_research_and_information
Key Data Sources
Add New DataCountry
Effective
Displaying 41 - 50 of 104
Four people in Bali and East Java, Indonesia have been arrested for allegedly selling babies for adoption on Instagram, according to this article.
This study examines the forms of abuse and neglect experienced by children living in orphanages in East Java Province, efforts by children in orphanages to deal with the acts of abuse experienced, and the role of the orphanage or the Child Social Welfare Institution (LKSA) in providing protection and fulfillment of the rights of abandoned children.
This video from the BBC shares the story of Andre Kuik, who was born in Indonesia but adopted by a Dutch family as a baby, and his reunion with his birth mother.
The Global Social Service Workforce Alliance is seeking a national-level consultant for a mapping and assessment in Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Mongolia, and Vietnam.
File
Prepared for the Agenda 2030 for Children: End Violence Solutions Summit, held in Stockholm, Sweden, on 14-15 February 2018, this report tracks progress towards prohibition and elimination of corporal punishment of children in Pathfinding countries.
File
According to this article from the Guardian, a group of former employees at an orphanage in Bali, Indonesia have issued a detailed complaint about the exploitative activities of the orphanage to Save the Children, who have passed it on to Indonesian authorities.
This article announces Friends International's launch of the ChildSafe Movement in Bali, Indonesia in collaboration with a tour operator, Buffalo Tours.
This article outlines exploratory research in establishing a role for social work in child protection in Indonesia.
This report marks a critical step in compiling comparable data and information about children in out-of-home care in Asia, defining our understanding of the continuum of care options available and metaphors to identify the gaps, challenges, strengths and opportunities within the child care systems in 10 identified Asian countries.
Incidence of Pediatric Urinary Stones in Orphanage Children in Pekanbaru, Riau Province of Indonesia
The aim of this study is to identify the incidence of pediatric urinary tones in orphanage children in Indonesia.
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