The article focuses on the legal challenges and mechanisms related to the deportation and forcible transfer of Ukrainian children amid Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, as explained by Onysiia Syniuk, Head of the Research Department at Human Rights Centre ZMINA. Syniuk highlights that the International Criminal Court (ICC) is the primary forum for prosecuting senior Russian officials, such as President Vladimir Putin, for war crimes involving child deportations, while domestic Ukrainian courts handle lower-level cases. She clarifies distinctions between lawful evacuation and unlawful forcible transfer or deportation under international law and discusses the broad and sometimes ambiguous application of Ukraine’s collaboration law in occupied territories. The article also addresses verification difficulties due to limited access to occupied regions and Russian cooperation, the role of international bodies in documenting crimes, and the complexities of transitional justice efforts ongoing during the conflict.