Children and Migration

Millions of children around the world are affected by migration. This includes girls and boys who migrate within and between countries (usually with their families but sometimes on their own), as well as children ‘left behind’ when their parents or caregivers migrate in search of economic opportunities. Be it forced or voluntary, by adults or children, migration affects children’s care situations and can entail risks to their protection.

Children on the move: Like adults, children often migrate in an attempt to build a better life – to escape poverty, discrimination or conflict, and to find education, employment and other opportunities. Others relocate due to an unstable or difficult family environment, such as the loss of a parent, or neglect or abuse from a caregiver. Children may migrate with or without their families, and their movements may be temporary, seasonal or permanent.

While migration can open up new opportunities for children, it can also expose them to harmful care situations, chronic poverty, violence and exploitation. During transit and at their destination, migrant children may end up in unsafe institutions, detention centres, on the streets or in overcrowded, poor-quality accommodation. Others who migrate to join households (e.g. for fostering, education, domestic work or apprenticeships) may be subjected to exploitation. Many migrant children, particularly those without documentation, end up without access to education, protection or basic services, while discrimination and language barriers make it difficult for them to reintegrate into new communities.

Children left behind. An increasing number of children around the world are also adversely affected when migrating parents leave home to seek out employment or economic opportunities (often in urban centres). While children may gain materially from remittances sent home, the absence of a parent may be detrimental to their social and psychological development. In particular, the nature and quality of children’s care relationships may suffer as they adjust to life without a loved caregiver and try to replace a physically and emotionally nurturing relationship with someone new.

Studies from around the world indicate that children left behind by migrating caretakers face education, health and psychosocial problems, including deteriorating academic performance and lower school attendance, greater risk of drug abuse, early pregnancy, involvement in criminal activities and social dysfunction. Left behind children may suffer from low self-esteem and feelings of abandonment, and in the worst cases may be vulnerable to violence, abuse and trafficking. While new or remaining caretakers can offer children a protective and caring environment they may also struggle to care for them without support, and breakdown of these relationships can sometimes result in children’s placement in harmful institutional care.

The documents in this section focus on the impact of migration on children’s care situations, and outline policy, advocacy and programmatic measures to enhance child migrants’ protection.

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Transnational links and family functioning in reunited Latin American families: Premigration variables' impact

Peñas S, Herrero-Fernández D, Merino L, Corral S, Martínez-Pampliega A - Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 19 Sep 2019

In the present study, focused on Latin American migrant women, transnational ties are considered a protective factor of family functioning, conditioned by premigratory variables. The working hypothesis is that increased frequency of reunited mothers' communication with and remittances to their children during the period of separation prior to the reunion will be linked to better communication, cohesion, flexibility, satisfaction, and family resources, according to the reunited mothers' perception.

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The mental health and wellbeing of Unaccompanied Refugee Minors (URMs)

Marthavon Werthern, Georgios Grigorakis, Eileen Vizard - Child Abuse & Neglect, 12 Sep 2019

This review synthesises and examines the limited published literature on the impact of traumatic refugee experiences on the mental health and development of Unaccompanied Refugee Minors (URMs).

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“Help goes around in a circle”: young unaccompanied refugees’ engagement in interpersonal relationships and its significance for resilience

Kristina Johansen, Ingunn Studsrød - International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care, 09 Sep 2019

The purpose of this paper is to address how young unaccompanied refugees in Norway actively engage in interpersonal relationships.

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Care Provider Facilities Described Challenges Addressing Mental Health Needs of Children in HHS Custody

Joanne M. Chiedi, Acting Inspector General - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General, 01 Sep 2019

The authors of this review from the U.S. Office of Inspector General conducted qualitative analysis to identify the most significant challenges that facilities faced in addressing the mental health needs of children in the Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) custody.

Gender-Based Violence Affecting Children and Youth on the Move: Training Manual

BRIDGE project, 29 Aug 2019

The focus of this training is on building the knowledge and capacity of care professionals from Greece, Belgium, Malta and Romania to prevent, identify and respond to gender-based violence (GBV) affecting children and youth on the move, including unaccompanied minors.

Gender-Based Violence Affecting Children and Youth on the Move: Youth Facilitator Training Manual

BRIDGE project , 29 Aug 2019

This manual provides guidance on how to train up to 60 youth, ages 16-24, from four project countries with the goal of increasing awareness and understanding of gender-based violence (GBV) amongst children and youth on the move.

Parental absence: Intergenerational tensions and contestations of social grants in South Africa

Mokoene Ziphora Kearabetswe & Khunou Grace - Critical Social Policy, 26 Aug 2019

Through a thematic content analysis of qualitative interviews with members of migrants’ families, this article illustrates that in the context of internal labour migration, family responsibilities shift in ways that make unemployed grandmothers in South Africa who do not receive the Old Age Grant vulnerable.

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Report of the UN Secretary-General on the Human Rights of Migrants

UN Secretary-General, 02 Aug 2019

The present comprehensive report from the UN Secretary-General covers all aspects of the implementation of the Resolution on the Protection of Migrants. The report recognizes that immigration detention "is not in the best interests of the child and is a child rights violation" and notes the need to protect and assist migrants in vulnerable situations, including children.

Ley Marco Regional en Materia de Migraciones con Enfoque en Derechos Humanos

Foro de Presidentes y Presidentas de Poderes Legislativos de Centroamérica y la Cuenca del Caribe (FOPREL), 01 Aug 2019

El objeto que tiene la «Ley Marco Regional» es crear un marco jurídico y rector que contribuya a una migración segura, ordenada y regular, basada en el respeto, garantía y realización efectiva de los derechos humanos de las personas migrantes en todas las fases del proceso migratorio en el contexto de la migración, con especial atención a poblaciones en condiciones de vulnerabilidad, en la región de Centroamérica, la Cuenca del Caribe y México.

2019 Annual report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children

Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children , 30 Jul 2019

This report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children highlights action taken at national and regional levels towards realizing the right of every child to protection from violence.