Maria G Kroupina, Rowena Ng, Claire M Dahl, Ann Nakitende, Kathryn C Elison - Journal of Psychology and Clinical Psychiatry
This descriptive study involved caregivers and their adopted children, under the age of 7 years old, referred by pediatricians to an outpatient clinic, which specializes in early mental health. The prevalence of toxic stress, measured as symptoms of Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED), was explored using clinical data collected during initial assessment.