Emergency Care Arrangements

The priority for unaccompanied children in an emergency is to reunite them with their parents, family members, or relatives as quickly as possible, in order to provide them with care and protection. Where this is not immediately possible, children will require emergency care until reunification is possible via documentation and tracing activities.

Emergency care should cater to the child’s basic shelter, security, food and health needs, on a level that is comparable to the local community in order to avoid encouraging further family separations. Children should be kept fully informed of efforts to locate family, and any interim care plans. All agencies offering care must follow and international standards, and coordinate with the local authority.

The preferred care will usually be with temporary caretakers from the community, rather than in institutions, since this provides continuity and greater protection. Children associated with armed forces may require interim care, if immediate family reunification is not possible and in their best interests. Spontaneous care situations, such as kinship, foster care, and child headed households should be screened, monitored and supported to ensure children are protected and their basic needs and rights are being met. In some cases an alternative placement may be necessary. Where family members cannot be located, a longer term care plan should be formulated, however adoption must only be considered after all tracing and reunification activities have been exhausted over a substantial period of time.

Support programs should include all affected children, and should not target or isolate separated children. They should strengthen the community’s natural coping methods and support structures, and will therefore include community and child participation in decision making processes. All placements must be fully documented to facilitate tracing and reunification activities. Reunification should be the immediate goal for all children, unless this is not in their best interests.

The documents in this section relate to emergency care guidelines and examples from around the world.

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Protection of Persons with Specific Needs. Chapter 11 from Camp Management Tool Kit

Norwegian Refugee Council/ The Camp Management Project , 31 Dec 2003

A guide for camp management agencies that provides instruction on the care and protection of all children (under 18), as well as those with specific needs, such as unaccompanied and separated children, child heads of households, children formerly associated with armed forces, and out-of-school and unemployed adolescents and youth.

Not Seen or Heard: The Lives of Separated Refugee Children in Dar es Salaam

Gillian Mann, 2003

A study on the lives of separated refugee children in Dar es Salaam. The study highlights their experiences of abuse and discrimination, and their negative perception of refugee camps.

Working with Children in Unstable Situations: Principles and Concepts to Guide Psychosocial Responses

UNICEF, 2003

Discusses the psychosocial impacts of unstable situations on children and their families, with an emphasis on child development. Includes UNICEF’s position on policy and programming principles as well as strategies to address the psychosocial needs of children, families, and communities.

Children's Participation in Research: Reflections from the Care and Protection of Separated Children in Emergencies Project

Gillian Mann and David Tolfree , 2003

Paper described ways in which children separated in emergencies have been involved in research about their community and lives. It focuses on identifying the most appropriate and achievable way to involve children given the reality of their context and circumstances, and includes an appendix of specific games to encourage child participation.

The Care and Protection of Children Affected by Armed Conflict and Disasters

David K Tolfree, 2003

Overview of a research study which provides guidelines for care of separated children in large-scale emergencies, focusing on the negative impact of residential care, extended family care, spontaneous and agency fostering, adoption, and alternative placements for adolescents.

The Role of Education in Protecting Children in Conflict

Susan Nicolai and Carl Triplehom, 2003

Examines the link between education and the protection needs of children, with a particular focus on the role of education in emergency response.

Mobility Mapping and Flow Diagrams: Tools for Family Tracing and Social Reintegration Work with Separated Children

Brigette De Lay, IRC, 31 Dec 2002

Detailed guidance on using drawing with children to facilitate documentation and tracing efforts, as well as a tool for reintegrating separated children into families.

Lives Apart: Family Separation and Alternative Care Arrangements during El Salvador's Civil War

Ralph Sprenkels, 2002

This report details the situation of disappearing children during the El Salvadorian civil war. It describes the process of tracing and reunifying children with their families, as well as alternative care arrangements for separated children.

Foundations: International Legal Standards: Resource Pack

Action for the Rights of Children, 2002

Resource pack for a rigorous course on international legal standards for children. Includes notes for facilitators, participatory exercises, overheads, and handouts.

Guidelines for Liberian Separated Children in Alternative Care

International Rescue Committee, Save the Children UK, UNICEF, and UNHCR, 2002

Guidelines and criteria for establishing and monitoring alternative care arrangements including emergency transit booth care (ETBC), foster care, and independent living for separated Liberian refugee children in Sierra Leone.