First published in 1999, this work draws together a multi-national collection of papers, and aims to stimulate the development of policy and practice in this often neglected area.

This report analyses 1,804 care leaver responses collected in 21 English local authorities between 2017 and 2019.

Theoretically-informed focused commentary on the literature in this paper considers the position of children and young people as embedded within socio-ecological systems. The specific focus is on the educational disadvantage of children and young people susceptible to involvement from child protection and welfare services in the Republic of Ireland.